الفصل الفصل 74 · The Sperm Whale’s Head—Contrasted View.

Here, now, are two great whales, laying their heads together; let us

join them, and lay together our own.

Of the grand order of folio leviathans, the Sperm Whale and the Right

Whale are by far the most noteworthy. They are the only whales

regularly hunted by man. To the Nantucketer, they present the two

extremes of all the known varieties of the whale. As the external

difference between them is mainly observable in their heads; and as a

head of each is this moment hanging from the Pequod’s side; and as we

may freely go from one to the other, by merely stepping across the

deck:—where, I should like to know, will you obtain a better chance to

study practical cetology than here?

In the first place, you are struck by the general contrast between

these heads. Both are massive enough in all conscience; but there is a

certain mathematical symmetry in the Sperm Whale’s which the Right

Whale’s sadly lacks. There is more character in the Sperm Whale’s head.

As you behold it, you involuntarily yield the immense superiority to

him, in point of pervading dignity. In the present instance, too, this

dignity is heightened by the pepper and salt colour of his head at the

summit, giving token of advanced age and large experience. In short, he

is what the fishermen technically call a “grey-headed whale.”

Let us now note what is least dissimilar in these heads—namely, the two

most important organs, the eye and the ear. Far back on the side of the

head, and low down, near the angle of either whale’s jaw, if you

narrowly search, you will at last see a lashless eye, which you would

fancy to be a young colt’s eye; so out of all proportion is it to the

magnitude of the head.

Now, from this peculiar sideway position of the whale’s eyes, it is

plain that he can never see an object which is exactly ahead, no more

than he can one exactly astern. In a word, the position of the whale’s

eyes corresponds to that of a man’s ears; and you may fancy, for

yourself, how it would fare with you, did you sideways survey objects

through your ears. You would find that you could only command some

thirty degrees of vision in advance of the straight side-line of sight;

and about thirty more behind it. If your bitterest foe were walking

straight towards you, with dagger uplifted in broad day, you would not

be able to see him, any more than if he were stealing upon you from

behind. In a word, you would have two backs, so to speak; but, at the

same time, also, two fronts (side fronts): for what is it that makes

the front of a man—what, indeed, but his eyes?

Moreover, while in most other animals that I can now think of, the eyes

are so planted as imperceptibly to blend their visual power, so as to

produce one picture and not two to the brain; the peculiar position of

the whale’s eyes, effectually divided as they are by many cubic feet of

solid head, which towers between them like a great mountain separating

two lakes in valleys; this, of course, must wholly separate the

impressions which each independent organ imparts. The whale, therefore,

must see one distinct picture on this side, and another distinct

picture on that side; while all between must be profound darkness and

nothingness to him. Man may, in effect, be said to look out on the

world from a sentry-box with two joined sashes for his window. But with

the whale, these two sashes are separately inserted, making two

distinct windows, but sadly impairing the view. This peculiarity of the

whale’s eyes is a thing always to be borne in mind in the fishery; and

to be remembered by the reader in some subsequent scenes.

A curious and most puzzling question might be started concerning this

visual matter as touching the Leviathan. But I must be content with a

hint. So long as a man’s eyes are open in the light, the act of seeing

is involuntary; that is, he cannot then help mechanically seeing

whatever objects are before him. Nevertheless, any one’s experience

will teach him, that though he can take in an undiscriminating sweep of

things at one glance, it is quite impossible for him, attentively, and

completely, to examine any two things—however large or however small—at

one and the same instant of time; never mind if they lie side by side

and touch each other. But if you now come to separate these two

objects, and surround each by a circle of profound darkness; then, in

order to see one of them, in such a manner as to bring your mind to

bear on it, the other will be utterly excluded from your contemporary

consciousness. How is it, then, with the whale? True, both his eyes, in

themselves, must simultaneously act; but is his brain so much more

comprehensive, combining, and subtle than man’s, that he can at the

same moment of time attentively examine two distinct prospects, one on

one side of him, and the other in an exactly opposite direction? If he

can, then is it as marvellous a thing in him, as if a man were able

simultaneously to go through the demonstrations of two distinct

problems in Euclid. Nor, strictly investigated, is there any

incongruity in this comparison.

It may be but an idle whim, but it has always seemed to me, that the

extraordinary vacillations of movement displayed by some whales when

beset by three or four boats; the timidity and liability to queer

frights, so common to such whales; I think that all this indirectly

proceeds from the helpless perplexity of volition, in which their

divided and diametrically opposite powers of vision must involve them.

But the ear of the whale is full as curious as the eye. If you are an

entire stranger to their race, you might hunt over these two heads for

hours, and never discover that organ. The ear has no external leaf

whatever; and into the hole itself you can hardly insert a quill, so

wondrously minute is it. It is lodged a little behind the eye. With

respect to their ears, this important difference is to be observed

between the sperm whale and the right. While the ear of the former has

an external opening, that of the latter is entirely and evenly covered

over with a membrane, so as to be quite imperceptible from without.

Is it not curious, that so vast a being as the whale should see the

world through so small an eye, and hear the thunder through an ear

which is smaller than a hare’s? But if his eyes were broad as the lens

of Herschel’s great telescope; and his ears capacious as the porches of

cathedrals; would that make him any longer of sight, or sharper of

hearing? Not at all.—Why then do you try to “enlarge” your mind?

Subtilize it.

Let us now with whatever levers and steam-engines we have at hand, cant

over the sperm whale’s head, that it may lie bottom up; then, ascending

by a ladder to the summit, have a peep down the mouth; and were it not

that the body is now completely separated from it, with a lantern we

might descend into the great Kentucky Mammoth Cave of his stomach. But

let us hold on here by this tooth, and look about us where we are. What

a really beautiful and chaste-looking mouth! from floor to ceiling,

lined, or rather papered with a glistening white membrane, glossy as

bridal satins.

But come out now, and look at this portentous lower jaw, which seems

like the long narrow lid of an immense snuff-box, with the hinge at one

end, instead of one side. If you pry it up, so as to get it overhead,

and expose its rows of teeth, it seems a terrific portcullis; and such,

alas! it proves to many a poor wight in the fishery, upon whom these

spikes fall with impaling force. But far more terrible is it to behold,

when fathoms down in the sea, you see some sulky whale, floating there

suspended, with his prodigious jaw, some fifteen feet long, hanging

straight down at right-angles with his body, for all the world like a

ship’s jib-boom. This whale is not dead; he is only dispirited; out of

sorts, perhaps; hypochondriac; and so supine, that the hinges of his

jaw have relaxed, leaving him there in that ungainly sort of plight, a

reproach to all his tribe, who must, no doubt, imprecate lock-jaws upon

him.

In most cases this lower jaw—being easily unhinged by a practised

artist—is disengaged and hoisted on deck for the purpose of extracting

the ivory teeth, and furnishing a supply of that hard white whalebone

with which the fishermen fashion all sorts of curious articles,

including canes, umbrella-stocks, and handles to riding-whips.

With a long, weary hoist the jaw is dragged on board, as if it were an

anchor; and when the proper time comes—some few days after the other

work—Queequeg, Daggoo, and Tashtego, being all accomplished dentists,

are set to drawing teeth. With a keen cutting-spade, Queequeg lances

the gums; then the jaw is lashed down to ringbolts, and a tackle being

rigged from aloft, they drag out these teeth, as Michigan oxen drag

stumps of old oaks out of wild wood lands. There are generally

forty-two teeth in all; in old whales, much worn down, but undecayed;

nor filled after our artificial fashion. The jaw is afterwards sawn

into slabs, and piled away like joists for building houses.