Chapter Chapter 4 · FIRST WEEKS ON THE ISLAND

. FIRST WEEKS ON THE ISLAND

When I waked it was broad day, the weather clear, and the storm abated,

so that the sea did not rage and swell as before. But that which

surprised me most was, that the ship was lifted off in the night from

the sand where she lay by the swelling of the tide, and was driven up

almost as far as the rock which I at first mentioned, where I had been

so bruised by the wave dashing me against it. This being within about a

mile from the shore where I was, and the ship seeming to stand upright

still, I wished myself on board, that at least I might save some

necessary things for my use.

When I came down from my apartment in the tree, I looked about me

again, and the first thing I found was the boat, which lay, as the wind

and the sea had tossed her up, upon the land, about two miles on my

right hand. I walked as far as I could upon the shore to have got to

her; but found a neck or inlet of water between me and the boat which

was about half a mile broad; so I came back for the present, being more

intent upon getting at the ship, where I hoped to find something for my

present subsistence.

A little after noon I found the sea very calm, and the tide ebbed so

far out that I could come within a quarter of a mile of the ship. And

here I found a fresh renewing of my grief; for I saw evidently that if

we had kept on board we had been all safe—that is to say, we had all

got safe on shore, and I had not been so miserable as to be left

entirely destitute of all comfort and company as I now was. This forced

tears to my eyes again; but as there was little relief in that, I

resolved, if possible, to get to the ship; so I pulled off my

clothes—for the weather was hot to extremity—and took the water. But

when I came to the ship my difficulty was still greater to know how to

get on board; for, as she lay aground, and high out of the water, there

was nothing within my reach to lay hold of. I swam round her twice, and

the second time I spied a small piece of rope, which I wondered I did

not see at first, hung down by the fore-chains so low, as that with

great difficulty I got hold of it, and by the help of that rope I got

up into the forecastle of the ship. Here I found that the ship was

bulged, and had a great deal of water in her hold, but that she lay so

on the side of a bank of hard sand, or, rather earth, that her stern

lay lifted up upon the bank, and her head low, almost to the water. By

this means all her quarter was free, and all that was in that part was

dry; for you may be sure my first work was to search, and to see what

was spoiled and what was free. And, first, I found that all the ship’s

provisions were dry and untouched by the water, and being very well

disposed to eat, I went to the bread room and filled my pockets with

biscuit, and ate it as I went about other things, for I had no time to

lose. I also found some rum in the great cabin, of which I took a large

dram, and which I had, indeed, need enough of to spirit me for what was

before me. Now I wanted nothing but a boat to furnish myself with many

things which I foresaw would be very necessary to me.

It was in vain to sit still and wish for what was not to be had; and

this extremity roused my application. We had several spare yards, and

two or three large spars of wood, and a spare topmast or two in the

ship; I resolved to fall to work with these, and I flung as many of

them overboard as I could manage for their weight, tying every one with

a rope, that they might not drive away. When this was done I went down

the ship’s side, and pulling them to me, I tied four of them together

at both ends as well as I could, in the form of a raft, and laying two

or three short pieces of plank upon them crossways, I found I could

walk upon it very well, but that it was not able to bear any great

weight, the pieces being too light. So I went to work, and with a

carpenter’s saw I cut a spare topmast into three lengths, and added

them to my raft, with a great deal of labour and pains. But the hope of

furnishing myself with necessaries encouraged me to go beyond what I

should have been able to have done upon another occasion.

My raft was now strong enough to bear any reasonable weight. My next

care was what to load it with, and how to preserve what I laid upon it

from the surf of the sea; but I was not long considering this. I first

laid all the planks or boards upon it that I could get, and having

considered well what I most wanted, I got three of the seamen’s chests,

which I had broken open, and emptied, and lowered them down upon my

raft; the first of these I filled with provisions—viz. bread, rice,

three Dutch cheeses, five pieces of dried goat’s flesh (which we lived

much upon), and a little remainder of European corn, which had been

laid by for some fowls which we brought to sea with us, but the fowls

were killed. There had been some barley and wheat together; but, to my

great disappointment, I found afterwards that the rats had eaten or

spoiled it all. As for liquors, I found several, cases of bottles

belonging to our skipper, in which were some cordial waters; and, in

all, about five or six gallons of rack. These I stowed by themselves,

there being no need to put them into the chest, nor any room for them.

While I was doing this, I found the tide begin to flow, though very

calm; and I had the mortification to see my coat, shirt, and waistcoat,

which I had left on the shore, upon the sand, swim away. As for my

breeches, which were only linen, and open-kneed, I swam on board in

them and my stockings. However, this set me on rummaging for clothes,

of which I found enough, but took no more than I wanted for present

use, for I had other things which my eye was more upon—as, first, tools

to work with on shore. And it was after long searching that I found out

the carpenter’s chest, which was, indeed, a very useful prize to me,

and much more valuable than a shipload of gold would have been at that

time. I got it down to my raft, whole as it was, without losing time to

look into it, for I knew in general what it contained.

My next care was for some ammunition and arms. There were two very good

fowling-pieces in the great cabin, and two pistols. These I secured

first, with some powder-horns and a small bag of shot, and two old

rusty swords. I knew there were three barrels of powder in the ship,

but knew not where our gunner had stowed them; but with much search I

found them, two of them dry and good, the third had taken water. Those

two I got to my raft with the arms. And now I thought myself pretty

well freighted, and began to think how I should get to shore with them,

having neither sail, oar, nor rudder; and the least capful of wind

would have overset all my navigation.

I had three encouragements—1st, a smooth, calm sea; 2ndly, the tide

rising, and setting in to the shore; 3rdly, what little wind there was

blew me towards the land. And thus, having found two or three broken

oars belonging to the boat—and, besides the tools which were in the

chest, I found two saws, an axe, and a hammer; with this cargo I put to

sea. For a mile or thereabouts my raft went very well, only that I

found it drive a little distant from the place where I had landed

before; by which I perceived that there was some indraft of the water,

and consequently I hoped to find some creek or river there, which I

might make use of as a port to get to land with my cargo.

As I imagined, so it was. There appeared before me a little opening of

the land, and I found a strong current of the tide set into it; so I

guided my raft as well as I could, to keep in the middle of the stream.

But here I had like to have suffered a second shipwreck, which, if I

had, I think verily would have broken my heart; for, knowing nothing of

the coast, my raft ran aground at one end of it upon a shoal, and not

being aground at the other end, it wanted but a little that all my

cargo had slipped off towards the end that was afloat, and so fallen

into the water. I did my utmost, by setting my back against the chests,

to keep them in their places, but could not thrust off the raft with

all my strength; neither durst I stir from the posture I was in; but

holding up the chests with all my might, I stood in that manner near

half-an-hour, in which time the rising of the water brought me a little

more upon a level; and a little after, the water still-rising, my raft

floated again, and I thrust her off with the oar I had into the

channel, and then driving up higher, I at length found myself in the

mouth of a little river, with land on both sides, and a strong current

of tide running up. I looked on both sides for a proper place to get to

shore, for I was not willing to be driven too high up the river: hoping

in time to see some ships at sea, and therefore resolved to place

myself as near the coast as I could.

At length I spied a little cove on the right shore of the creek, to

which with great pain and difficulty I guided my raft, and at last got

so near that, reaching ground with my oar, I could thrust her directly

in. But here I had like to have dipped all my cargo into the sea again;

for that shore lying pretty steep—that is to say sloping—there was no

place to land, but where one end of my float, if it ran on shore, would

lie so high, and the other sink lower, as before, that it would

endanger my cargo again. All that I could do was to wait till the tide

was at the highest, keeping the raft with my oar like an anchor, to

hold the side of it fast to the shore, near a flat piece of ground,

which I expected the water would flow over; and so it did. As soon as I

found water enough—for my raft drew about a foot of water—I thrust her

upon that flat piece of ground, and there fastened or moored her, by

sticking my two broken oars into the ground, one on one side near one

end, and one on the other side near the other end; and thus I lay till

the water ebbed away, and left my raft and all my cargo safe on shore.

My next work was to view the country, and seek a proper place for my

habitation, and where to stow my goods to secure them from whatever

might happen. Where I was, I yet knew not; whether on the continent or

on an island; whether inhabited or not inhabited; whether in danger of

wild beasts or not. There was a hill not above a mile from me, which

rose up very steep and high, and which seemed to overtop some other

hills, which lay as in a ridge from it northward. I took out one of the

fowling-pieces, and one of the pistols, and a horn of powder; and thus

armed, I travelled for discovery up to the top of that hill, where,

after I had with great labour and difficulty got to the top, I saw my

fate, to my great affliction—viz. that I was in an island environed

every way with the sea: no land to be seen except some rocks, which lay

a great way off; and two small islands, less than this, which lay about

three leagues to the west.

I found also that the island I was in was barren, and, as I saw good

reason to believe, uninhabited except by wild beasts, of whom, however,

I saw none. Yet I saw abundance of fowls, but knew not their kinds;

neither when I killed them could I tell what was fit for food, and what

not. At my coming back, I shot at a great bird which I saw sitting upon

a tree on the side of a great wood. I believe it was the first gun that

had been fired there since the creation of the world. I had no sooner

fired, than from all parts of the wood there arose an innumerable

number of fowls, of many sorts, making a confused screaming and crying,

and every one according to his usual note, but not one of them of any

kind that I knew. As for the creature I killed, I took it to be a kind

of hawk, its colour and beak resembling it, but it had no talons or

claws more than common. Its flesh was carrion, and fit for nothing.

Contented with this discovery, I came back to my raft, and fell to work

to bring my cargo on shore, which took me up the rest of that day. What

to do with myself at night I knew not, nor indeed where to rest, for I

was afraid to lie down on the ground, not knowing but some wild beast

might devour me, though, as I afterwards found, there was really no

need for those fears.

However, as well as I could, I barricaded myself round with the chest

and boards that I had brought on shore, and made a kind of hut for that

night’s lodging. As for food, I yet saw not which way to supply myself,

except that I had seen two or three creatures like hares run out of the

wood where I shot the fowl.

I now began to consider that I might yet get a great many things out of

the ship which would be useful to me, and particularly some of the

rigging and sails, and such other things as might come to land; and I

resolved to make another voyage on board the vessel, if possible. And

as I knew that the first storm that blew must necessarily break her all

in pieces, I resolved to set all other things apart till I had got

everything out of the ship that I could get. Then I called a

council—that is to say in my thoughts—whether I should take back the

raft; but this appeared impracticable: so I resolved to go as before,

when the tide was down; and I did so, only that I stripped before I

went from my hut, having nothing on but my chequered shirt, a pair of

linen drawers, and a pair of pumps on my feet.

I got on board the ship as before, and prepared a second raft; and,

having had experience of the first, I neither made this so unwieldy,

nor loaded it so hard, but yet I brought away several things very

useful to me; as first, in the carpenters stores I found two or three

bags full of nails and spikes, a great screw-jack, a dozen or two of

hatchets, and, above all, that most useful thing called a grindstone.

All these I secured, together with several things belonging to the

gunner, particularly two or three iron crows, and two barrels of musket

bullets, seven muskets, another fowling-piece, with some small quantity

of powder more; a large bagful of small shot, and a great roll of

sheet-lead; but this last was so heavy, I could not hoist it up to get

it over the ship’s side.

Besides these things, I took all the men’s clothes that I could find,

and a spare fore-topsail, a hammock, and some bedding; and with this I

loaded my second raft, and brought them all safe on shore, to my very

great comfort.

I was under some apprehension, during my absence from the land, that at

least my provisions might be devoured on shore: but when I came back I

found no sign of any visitor; only there sat a creature like a wild cat

upon one of the chests, which, when I came towards it, ran away a

little distance, and then stood still. She sat very composed and

unconcerned, and looked full in my face, as if she had a mind to be

acquainted with me. I presented my gun at her, but, as she did not

understand it, she was perfectly unconcerned at it, nor did she offer

to stir away; upon which I tossed her a bit of biscuit, though by the

way, I was not very free of it, for my store was not great: however, I

spared her a bit, I say, and she went to it, smelled at it, and ate it,

and looked (as if pleased) for more; but I thanked her, and could spare

no more: so she marched off.

Having got my second cargo on shore—though I was fain to open the

barrels of powder, and bring them by parcels, for they were too heavy,

being large casks—I went to work to make me a little tent with the sail

and some poles which I cut for that purpose: and into this tent I

brought everything that I knew would spoil either with rain or sun; and

I piled all the empty chests and casks up in a circle round the tent,

to fortify it from any sudden attempt, either from man or beast.

When I had done this, I blocked up the door of the tent with some

boards within, and an empty chest set up on end without; and spreading

one of the beds upon the ground, laying my two pistols just at my head,

and my gun at length by me, I went to bed for the first time, and slept

very quietly all night, for I was very weary and heavy; for the night

before I had slept little, and had laboured very hard all day to fetch

all those things from the ship, and to get them on shore.

I had the biggest magazine of all kinds now that ever was laid up, I

believe, for one man: but I was not satisfied still, for while the ship

sat upright in that posture, I thought I ought to get everything out of

her that I could; so every day at low water I went on board, and

brought away something or other; but particularly the third time I went

I brought away as much of the rigging as I could, as also all the small

ropes and rope-twine I could get, with a piece of spare canvas, which

was to mend the sails upon occasion, and the barrel of wet gunpowder.

In a word, I brought away all the sails, first and last; only that I

was fain to cut them in pieces, and bring as much at a time as I could,

for they were no more useful to be sails, but as mere canvas only.

But that which comforted me more still, was, that last of all, after I

had made five or six such voyages as these, and thought I had nothing

more to expect from the ship that was worth my meddling with—I say,

after all this, I found a great hogshead of bread, three large runlets

of rum, or spirits, a box of sugar, and a barrel of fine flour; this

was surprising to me, because I had given over expecting any more

provisions, except what was spoiled by the water. I soon emptied the

hogshead of the bread, and wrapped it up, parcel by parcel, in pieces

of the sails, which I cut out; and, in a word, I got all this safe on

shore also.

The next day I made another voyage, and now, having plundered the ship

of what was portable and fit to hand out, I began with the cables.

Cutting the great cable into pieces, such as I could move, I got two

cables and a hawser on shore, with all the ironwork I could get; and

having cut down the spritsail-yard, and the mizzen-yard, and everything

I could, to make a large raft, I loaded it with all these heavy goods,

and came away. But my good luck began now to leave me; for this raft

was so unwieldy, and so overladen, that, after I had entered the little

cove where I had landed the rest of my goods, not being able to guide

it so handily as I did the other, it overset, and threw me and all my

cargo into the water. As for myself, it was no great harm, for I was

near the shore; but as to my cargo, it was a great part of it lost,

especially the iron, which I expected would have been of great use to

me; however, when the tide was out, I got most of the pieces of the

cable ashore, and some of the iron, though with infinite labour; for I

was fain to dip for it into the water, a work which fatigued me very

much. After this, I went every day on board, and brought away what I

could get.

I had been now thirteen days on shore, and had been eleven times on

board the ship, in which time I had brought away all that one pair of

hands could well be supposed capable to bring; though I believe verily,

had the calm weather held, I should have brought away the whole ship,

piece by piece. But preparing the twelfth time to go on board, I found

the wind began to rise: however, at low water I went on board, and

though I thought I had rummaged the cabin so effectually that nothing

more could be found, yet I discovered a locker with drawers in it, in

one of which I found two or three razors, and one pair of large

scissors, with some ten or a dozen of good knives and forks: in another

I found about thirty-six pounds value in money—some European coin, some

Brazil, some pieces of eight, some gold, and some silver.

I smiled to myself at the sight of this money: “O drug!” said I, aloud,

“what art thou good for? Thou art not worth to me—no, not the taking

off the ground; one of those knives is worth all this heap; I have no

manner of use for thee—e’en remain where thou art, and go to the bottom

as a creature whose life is not worth saving.” However, upon second

thoughts I took it away; and wrapping all this in a piece of canvas, I

began to think of making another raft; but while I was preparing this,

I found the sky overcast, and the wind began to rise, and in a quarter

of an hour it blew a fresh gale from the shore. It presently occurred

to me that it was in vain to pretend to make a raft with the wind

offshore; and that it was my business to be gone before the tide of

flood began, otherwise I might not be able to reach the shore at all.

Accordingly, I let myself down into the water, and swam across the

channel, which lay between the ship and the sands, and even that with

difficulty enough, partly with the weight of the things I had about me,

and partly the roughness of the water; for the wind rose very hastily,

and before it was quite high water it blew a storm.

But I had got home to my little tent, where I lay, with all my wealth

about me, very secure. It blew very hard all night, and in the morning,

when I looked out, behold, no more ship was to be seen! I was a little

surprised, but recovered myself with the satisfactory reflection that I

had lost no time, nor abated any diligence, to get everything out of

her that could be useful to me; and that, indeed, there was little left

in her that I was able to bring away, if I had had more time.

I now gave over any more thoughts of the ship, or of anything out of

her, except what might drive on shore from her wreck; as, indeed,

divers pieces of her afterwards did; but those things were of small use

to me.

My thoughts were now wholly employed about securing myself against

either savages, if any should appear, or wild beasts, if any were in

the island; and I had many thoughts of the method how to do this, and

what kind of dwelling to make—whether I should make me a cave in the

earth, or a tent upon the earth; and, in short, I resolved upon both;

the manner and description of which, it may not be improper to give an

account of.

I soon found the place I was in was not fit for my settlement, because

it was upon a low, moorish ground, near the sea, and I believed it

would not be wholesome, and more particularly because there was no

fresh water near it; so I resolved to find a more healthy and more

convenient spot of ground.

I consulted several things in my situation, which I found would be

proper for me: 1st, health and fresh water, I just now mentioned;

2ndly, shelter from the heat of the sun; 3rdly, security from ravenous

creatures, whether man or beast; 4thly, a view to the sea, that if God

sent any ship in sight, I might not lose any advantage for my

deliverance, of which I was not willing to banish all my expectation

yet.

In search of a place proper for this, I found a little plain on the

side of a rising hill, whose front towards this little plain was steep

as a house-side, so that nothing could come down upon me from the top.

On the one side of the rock there was a hollow place, worn a little way

in, like the entrance or door of a cave but there was not really any

cave or way into the rock at all.

On the flat of the green, just before this hollow place, I resolved to

pitch my tent. This plain was not above a hundred yards broad, and

about twice as long, and lay like a green before my door; and, at the

end of it, descended irregularly every way down into the low ground by

the seaside. It was on the N.N.W. side of the hill; so that it was

sheltered from the heat every day, till it came to a W. and by S. sun,

or thereabouts, which, in those countries, is near the setting.

Before I set up my tent I drew a half-circle before the hollow place,

which took in about ten yards in its semi-diameter from the rock, and

twenty yards in its diameter from its beginning and ending.

In this half-circle I pitched two rows of strong stakes, driving them

into the ground till they stood very firm like piles, the biggest end

being out of the ground above five feet and a half, and sharpened on

the top. The two rows did not stand above six inches from one another.

Then I took the pieces of cable which I had cut in the ship, and laid

them in rows, one upon another, within the circle, between these two

rows of stakes, up to the top, placing other stakes in the inside,

leaning against them, about two feet and a half high, like a spur to a

post; and this fence was so strong, that neither man nor beast could

get into it or over it. This cost me a great deal of time and labour,

especially to cut the piles in the woods, bring them to the place, and

drive them into the earth.

The entrance into this place I made to be, not by a door, but by a

short ladder to go over the top; which ladder, when I was in, I lifted

over after me; and so I was completely fenced in and fortified, as I

thought, from all the world, and consequently slept secure in the

night, which otherwise I could not have done; though, as it appeared

afterwards, there was no need of all this caution from the enemies that

I apprehended danger from.

Into this fence or fortress, with infinite labour, I carried all my

riches, all my provisions, ammunition, and stores, of which you have

the account above; and I made a large tent, which to preserve me from

the rains that in one part of the year are very violent there, I made

double—one smaller tent within, and one larger tent above it; and

covered the uppermost with a large tarpaulin, which I had saved among

the sails.

And now I lay no more for a while in the bed which I had brought on

shore, but in a hammock, which was indeed a very good one, and belonged

to the mate of the ship.

Into this tent I brought all my provisions, and everything that would

spoil by the wet; and having thus enclosed all my goods, I made up the

entrance, which till now I had left open, and so passed and repassed,

as I said, by a short ladder.

When I had done this, I began to work my way into the rock, and

bringing all the earth and stones that I dug down out through my tent,

I laid them up within my fence, in the nature of a terrace, so that it

raised the ground within about a foot and a half; and thus I made me a

cave, just behind my tent, which served me like a cellar to my house.

It cost me much labour and many days before all these things were

brought to perfection; and therefore I must go back to some other

things which took up some of my thoughts. At the same time it happened,

after I had laid my scheme for the setting up my tent, and making the

cave, that a storm of rain falling from a thick, dark cloud, a sudden

flash of lightning happened, and after that a great clap of thunder, as

is naturally the effect of it. I was not so much surprised with the

lightning as I was with the thought which darted into my mind as swift

as the lightning itself—Oh, my powder! My very heart sank within me

when I thought that, at one blast, all my powder might be destroyed; on

which, not my defence only, but the providing my food, as I thought,

entirely depended. I was nothing near so anxious about my own danger,

though, had the powder took fire, I should never have known who had

hurt me.

Such impression did this make upon me, that after the storm was over I

laid aside all my works, my building and fortifying, and applied myself

to make bags and boxes, to separate the powder, and to keep it a little

and a little in a parcel, in the hope that, whatever might come, it

might not all take fire at once; and to keep it so apart that it should

not be possible to make one part fire another. I finished this work in

about a fortnight; and I think my powder, which in all was about two

hundred and forty pounds weight, was divided in not less than a hundred

parcels. As to the barrel that had been wet, I did not apprehend any

danger from that; so I placed it in my new cave, which, in my fancy, I

called my kitchen; and the rest I hid up and down in holes among the

rocks, so that no wet might come to it, marking very carefully where I

laid it.

In the interval of time while this was doing, I went out once at least

every day with my gun, as well to divert myself as to see if I could

kill anything fit for food; and, as near as I could, to acquaint myself

with what the island produced. The first time I went out, I presently

discovered that there were goats in the island, which was a great

satisfaction to me; but then it was attended with this misfortune to

me—viz. that they were so shy, so subtle, and so swift of foot, that it

was the most difficult thing in the world to come at them; but I was

not discouraged at this, not doubting but I might now and then shoot

one, as it soon happened; for after I had found their haunts a little,

I laid wait in this manner for them: I observed if they saw me in the

valleys, though they were upon the rocks, they would run away, as in a

terrible fright; but if they were feeding in the valleys, and I was

upon the rocks, they took no notice of me; from whence I concluded

that, by the position of their optics, their sight was so directed

downward that they did not readily see objects that were above them; so

afterwards I took this method—I always climbed the rocks first, to get

above them, and then had frequently a fair mark.

The first shot I made among these creatures, I killed a she-goat, which

had a little kid by her, which she gave suck to, which grieved me

heartily; for when the old one fell, the kid stood stock still by her,

till I came and took her up; and not only so, but when I carried the

old one with me, upon my shoulders, the kid followed me quite to my

enclosure; upon which I laid down the dam, and took the kid in my arms,

and carried it over my pale, in hopes to have bred it up tame; but it

would not eat; so I was forced to kill it and eat it myself. These two

supplied me with flesh a great while, for I ate sparingly, and saved my

provisions, my bread especially, as much as possibly I could.

Having now fixed my habitation, I found it absolutely necessary to

provide a place to make a fire in, and fuel to burn: and what I did for

that, and also how I enlarged my cave, and what conveniences I made, I

shall give a full account of in its place; but I must now give some

little account of myself, and of my thoughts about living, which, it

may well be supposed, were not a few.

I had a dismal prospect of my condition; for as I was not cast away

upon that island without being driven, as is said, by a violent storm,

quite out of the course of our intended voyage, and a great way, viz.

some hundreds of leagues, out of the ordinary course of the trade of

mankind, I had great reason to consider it as a determination of

Heaven, that in this desolate place, and in this desolate manner, I

should end my life. The tears would run plentifully down my face when I

made these reflections; and sometimes I would expostulate with myself

why Providence should thus completely ruin His creatures, and render

them so absolutely miserable; so without help, abandoned, so entirely

depressed, that it could hardly be rational to be thankful for such a

life.

But something always returned swift upon me to check these thoughts,

and to reprove me; and particularly one day, walking with my gun in my

hand by the seaside, I was very pensive upon the subject of my present

condition, when reason, as it were, expostulated with me the other way,

thus: “Well, you are in a desolate condition, it is true; but, pray

remember, where are the rest of you? Did not you come, eleven of you in

the boat? Where are the ten? Why were they not saved, and you lost? Why

were you singled out? Is it better to be here or there?” And then I

pointed to the sea. All evils are to be considered with the good that

is in them, and with what worse attends them.

Then it occurred to me again, how well I was furnished for my

subsistence, and what would have been my case if it had not happened

(which was a hundred thousand to one) that the ship floated from the

place where she first struck, and was driven so near to the shore that

I had time to get all these things out of her; what would have been my

case, if I had been forced to have lived in the condition in which I at

first came on shore, without necessaries of life, or necessaries to

supply and procure them? “Particularly,” said I, aloud (though to

myself), “what should I have done without a gun, without ammunition,

without any tools to make anything, or to work with, without clothes,

bedding, a tent, or any manner of covering?” and that now I had all

these to sufficient quantity, and was in a fair way to provide myself

in such a manner as to live without my gun, when my ammunition was

spent: so that I had a tolerable view of subsisting, without any want,

as long as I lived; for I considered from the beginning how I would

provide for the accidents that might happen, and for the time that was

to come, even not only after my ammunition should be spent, but even

after my health and strength should decay.

I confess I had not entertained any notion of my ammunition being

destroyed at one blast—I mean my powder being blown up by lightning;

and this made the thoughts of it so surprising to me, when it lightened

and thundered, as I observed just now.

And now being about to enter into a melancholy relation of a scene of

silent life, such, perhaps, as was never heard of in the world before,

I shall take it from its beginning, and continue it in its order. It

was by my account the 30th of September, when, in the manner as above

said, I first set foot upon this horrid island; when the sun, being to

us in its autumnal equinox, was almost over my head; for I reckoned

myself, by observation, to be in the latitude of nine degrees

twenty-two minutes north of the line.

After I had been there about ten or twelve days, it came into my

thoughts that I should lose my reckoning of time for want of books, and

pen and ink, and should even forget the Sabbath days; but to prevent

this, I cut with my knife upon a large post, in capital letters—and

making it into a great cross, I set it up on the shore where I first

landed—“I came on shore here on the 30th September 1659.”

Upon the sides of this square post I cut every day a notch with my

knife, and every seventh notch was as long again as the rest, and every

first day of the month as long again as that long one; and thus I kept

my calendar, or weekly, monthly, and yearly reckoning of time.

In the next place, we are to observe that among the many things which I

brought out of the ship, in the several voyages which, as above

mentioned, I made to it, I got several things of less value, but not at

all less useful to me, which I omitted setting down before; as, in

particular, pens, ink, and paper, several parcels in the captain’s,

mate’s, gunner’s and carpenter’s keeping; three or four compasses, some

mathematical instruments, dials, perspectives, charts, and books of

navigation, all which I huddled together, whether I might want them or

no; also, I found three very good Bibles, which came to me in my cargo

from England, and which I had packed up among my things; some

Portuguese books also; and among them two or three Popish prayer-books,

and several other books, all which I carefully secured. And I must not

forget that we had in the ship a dog and two cats, of whose eminent

history I may have occasion to say something in its place; for I

carried both the cats with me; and as for the dog, he jumped out of the

ship of himself, and swam on shore to me the day after I went on shore

with my first cargo, and was a trusty servant to me many years; I

wanted nothing that he could fetch me, nor any company that he could

make up to me; I only wanted to have him talk to me, but that would not

do. As I observed before, I found pens, ink, and paper, and I husbanded

them to the utmost; and I shall show that while my ink lasted, I kept

things very exact, but after that was gone I could not, for I could not

make any ink by any means that I could devise.

And this put me in mind that I wanted many things notwithstanding all

that I had amassed together; and of these, ink was one; as also a

spade, pickaxe, and shovel, to dig or remove the earth; needles, pins,

and thread; as for linen, I soon learned to want that without much

difficulty.

This want of tools made every work I did go on heavily; and it was near

a whole year before I had entirely finished my little pale, or

surrounded my habitation. The piles, or stakes, which were as heavy as

I could well lift, were a long time in cutting and preparing in the

woods, and more, by far, in bringing home; so that I spent sometimes

two days in cutting and bringing home one of those posts, and a third

day in driving it into the ground; for which purpose I got a heavy

piece of wood at first, but at last bethought myself of one of the iron

crows; which, however, though I found it, made driving those posts or

piles very laborious and tedious work.

But what need I have been concerned at the tediousness of anything I

had to do, seeing I had time enough to do it in? nor had I any other

employment, if that had been over, at least that I could foresee,

except the ranging the island to seek for food, which I did, more or

less, every day.

I now began to consider seriously my condition, and the circumstances I

was reduced to; and I drew up the state of my affairs in writing, not

so much to leave them to any that were to come after me—for I was

likely to have but few heirs—as to deliver my thoughts from daily

poring over them, and afflicting my mind; and as my reason began now to

master my despondency, I began to comfort myself as well as I could,

and to set the good against the evil, that I might have something to

distinguish my case from worse; and I stated very impartially, like

debtor and creditor, the comforts I enjoyed against the miseries I

suffered, thus:—

_Evil_.

_Good_.

I am cast upon a horrible, desolate island, void of all hope of

recovery.

But I am alive; and not drowned, as all my ship’s company were.

I am singled out and separated, as it were, from all the world, to be

miserable.

But I am singled out, too, from all the ship’s crew, to be spared from

death; and He that miraculously saved me from death can deliver me from

this condition.

I am divided from mankind—a solitaire; one banished from human society.

But I am not starved, and perishing on a barren place, affording no

sustenance.

I have no clothes to cover me.

But I am in a hot climate, where, if I had clothes, I could hardly wear

them.

I am without any defence, or means to resist any violence of man or

beast.

But I am cast on an island where I see no wild beasts to hurt me, as I

saw on the coast of Africa; and what if I had been shipwrecked there?

I have no soul to speak to or relieve me.

But God wonderfully sent the ship in near enough to the shore, that I

have got out as many necessary things as will either supply my wants or

enable me to supply myself, even as long as I live.

Upon the whole, here was an undoubted testimony that there was scarce

any condition in the world so miserable but there was something

negative or something positive to be thankful for in it; and let this

stand as a direction from the experience of the most miserable of all

conditions in this world: that we may always find in it something to

comfort ourselves from, and to set, in the description of good and

evil, on the credit side of the account.

Having now brought my mind a little to relish my condition, and given

over looking out to sea, to see if I could spy a ship—I say, giving

over these things, I began to apply myself to arrange my way of living,

and to make things as easy to me as I could.

I have already described my habitation, which was a tent under the side

of a rock, surrounded with a strong pale of posts and cables: but I

might now rather call it a wall, for I raised a kind of wall up against

it of turfs, about two feet thick on the outside; and after some time

(I think it was a year and a half) I raised rafters from it, leaning to

the rock, and thatched or covered it with boughs of trees, and such

things as I could get, to keep out the rain; which I found at some

times of the year very violent.

I have already observed how I brought all my goods into this pale, and

into the cave which I had made behind me. But I must observe, too, that

at first this was a confused heap of goods, which, as they lay in no

order, so they took up all my place; I had no room to turn myself: so I

set myself to enlarge my cave, and work farther into the earth; for it

was a loose sandy rock, which yielded easily to the labour I bestowed

on it: and so when I found I was pretty safe as to beasts of prey, I

worked sideways, to the right hand, into the rock; and then, turning to

the right again, worked quite out, and made me a door to come out on

the outside of my pale or fortification. This gave me not only egress

and regress, as it was a back way to my tent and to my storehouse, but

gave me room to store my goods.

And now I began to apply myself to make such necessary things as I

found I most wanted, particularly a chair and a table; for without

these I was not able to enjoy the few comforts I had in the world; I

could not write or eat, or do several things, with so much pleasure

without a table: so I went to work. And here I must needs observe, that

as reason is the substance and origin of the mathematics, so by stating

and squaring everything by reason, and by making the most rational

judgment of things, every man may be, in time, master of every mechanic

art. I had never handled a tool in my life; and yet, in time, by

labour, application, and contrivance, I found at last that I wanted

nothing but I could have made it, especially if I had had tools.

However, I made abundance of things, even without tools; and some with

no more tools than an adze and a hatchet, which perhaps were never made

that way before, and that with infinite labour. For example, if I

wanted a board, I had no other way but to cut down a tree, set it on an

edge before me, and hew it flat on either side with my axe, till I

brought it to be thin as a plank, and then dub it smooth with my adze.

It is true, by this method I could make but one board out of a whole

tree; but this I had no remedy for but patience, any more than I had

for the prodigious deal of time and labour which it took me up to make

a plank or board: but my time or labour was little worth, and so it was

as well employed one way as another.

However, I made me a table and a chair, as I observed above, in the

first place; and this I did out of the short pieces of boards that I

brought on my raft from the ship. But when I had wrought out some

boards as above, I made large shelves, of the breadth of a foot and a

half, one over another all along one side of my cave, to lay all my

tools, nails and ironwork on; and, in a word, to separate everything at

large into their places, that I might come easily at them. I knocked

pieces into the wall of the rock to hang my guns and all things that

would hang up; so that, had my cave been to be seen, it looked like a

general magazine of all necessary things; and had everything so ready

at my hand, that it was a great pleasure to me to see all my goods in

such order, and especially to find my stock of all necessaries so

great.

And now it was that I began to keep a journal of every day’s

employment; for, indeed, at first I was in too much hurry, and not only

hurry as to labour, but in too much discomposure of mind; and my

journal would have been full of many dull things; for example, I must

have said thus: “30_th_.—After I had got to shore, and escaped

drowning, instead of being thankful to God for my deliverance, having

first vomited, with the great quantity of salt water which had got into

my stomach, and recovering myself a little, I ran about the shore

wringing my hands and beating my head and face, exclaiming at my

misery, and crying out, ‘I was undone, undone!’ till, tired and faint,

I was forced to lie down on the ground to repose, but durst not sleep

for fear of being devoured.”

Some days after this, and after I had been on board the ship, and got

all that I could out of her, yet I could not forbear getting up to the

top of a little mountain and looking out to sea, in hopes of seeing a

ship; then fancy at a vast distance I spied a sail, please myself with

the hopes of it, and then after looking steadily, till I was almost

blind, lose it quite, and sit down and weep like a child, and thus

increase my misery by my folly.

But having gotten over these things in some measure, and having settled

my household staff and habitation, made me a table and a chair, and all

as handsome about me as I could, I began to keep my journal; of which I

shall here give you the copy (though in it will be told all these

particulars over again) as long as it lasted; for having no more ink, I

was forced to leave it off.