Chapter Chapter 14 · Chapter XIV

Tasio: Lunatic or Sage

The peculiar old man wandered about the streets aimlessly. A former

student of philosophy, he had given up his career in obedience to

his mother's wishes and not from any lack of means or ability. Quite

the contrary, it was because his mother was rich and he was said

to possess talent. The good woman feared that her son would become

learned and forget God, so she had given him his choice of entering

the priesthood or leaving college. Being in love, he chose the latter

course and married. Then having lost both his wife and his mother

within a year, he sought consolation in his books in order to free

himself from sorrow, the cockpit, and the dangers of idleness. He

became so addicted to his studies and the purchase of books, that he

entirely neglected his fortune and gradually ruined himself. Persons

of culture called him Don Anastasio, or Tasio the Sage, while the

great crowd of the ignorant knew him as Tasio the Lunatic, on account

of his peculiar ideas and his eccentric manner of dealing with others.

As we said before, the evening threatened to be stormy. The lightning

flashed its pale rays across the leaden sky, the air was heavy and

the slight breeze excessively sultry. Tasio had apparently already

forgotten his beloved skull, and now he was smiling as he looked at

the dark clouds. Near the church he met a man wearing an alpaca coat,

who carried in one hand a large bundle of candles and in the other

a tasseled cane, the emblem of his office as gobernadorcillo.

"You seem to be merry?" he greeted Tasio in Tagalog.

"Truly I am, señor capitan, I'm merry because I hope for something."

"Ah? What do you hope for?"

"The storm!"

"The storm? Are you thinking of taking a bath?" asked the

gobernadorcillo in a jesting way as he stared at the simple attire

of the old man.

"A bath? That's not a bad idea, especially when one has just stumbled

over some trash!" answered Tasio in a similar, though somewhat

more offensive tone, staring at the other's face. "But I hope for

something better."

"What, then?"

"Some thunderbolts that will kill people and burn down houses,"

returned the Sage seriously.

"Why don't you ask for the deluge at once?"

"We all deserve it, even you and I! You, señor gobernadorcillo,

have there a bundle of tapers that came from some Chinese shop, yet

this now makes the tenth year that I have been proposing to each new

occupant of your office the purchase of lightning-rods. Every one

laughs at me, and buys bombs and rockets and pays for the ringing of

bells. Even you yourself, on the day after I made my proposition,

ordered from the Chinese founders a bell in honor of St. Barbara,

[53] when science has shown that it is dangerous to ring the bells

during a storm. Explain to me why in the year '70, when lightning

struck in Biñan, it hit the very church tower and destroyed the clock

and altar. What was the bell of St. Barbara doing then?"

At the moment there was a vivid flash. "_Jesús, María, y José!_

Holy St. Barbara!" exclaimed the gobernadorcillo, turning pale and

crossing himself.

Tasio burst out into a loud laugh. "You are worthy of your patroness,"

he remarked dryly in Spanish as he turned his back and went toward

the church.

Inside, the sacristans were preparing a catafalque, bordered with

candles placed in wooden sockets. Two large tables had been placed

one above the other and covered with black cloth across which ran

white stripes, with here and there a skull painted on it.

"Is that for the souls or for the candles?" inquired the old man,

but noticing two boys, one about ten and the other seven, he turned

to them without awaiting an answer from the sacristans.

"Won't you come with me, boys?" he asked them. "Your mother has

prepared a supper for you fit for a curate."

"The senior sacristan will not let us leave until eight o'clock,

sir," answered the larger of the two boys. "I expect to get my pay

to give it to our mother."

"Ah! And where are you going now?"

"To the belfry, sir, to ring the knell for the souls."

"Going to the belfry! Then take care! Don't go near the bells during

the storm!"

Tasio then left the church, not without first bestowing a look of pity

on the two boys, who were climbing the stairway into the organ-loft. He

passed his hand over his eyes, looked at the sky again, and murmured,

"Now I should be sorry if thunderbolts should fall." With his head

bowed in thought he started toward the outskirts of the town.

"Won't you come in?" invited a voice in Spanish from a window.

The Sage raised his head and saw a man of thirty or thirty-five years

of age smiling at him.

"What are you reading there?" asked Tasio, pointing to a book the

man held in his hand.

"A work just published: 'The Torments Suffered by the Blessed Souls

in Purgatory,'" the other answered with a smile.

"Man, man, man!" exclaimed the Sage in an altered tone as he entered

the house. "The author must be a very clever person."

Upon reaching the top of the stairway, he was cordially received by the

master of the house, Don Filipo Lino, and his young wife, Doña Teodora

Viña. Don Filipo was the teniente-mayor of the town and leader of one

of the parties--the liberal faction, if it be possible to speak so,

and if there exist parties in the towns of the Philippines.

"Did you meet in the cemetery the son of the deceased Don Rafael,

who has just returned from Europe?"

"Yes, I saw him as he alighted from his carriage."

"They say that he went to look for his father's grave. It must have

been a terrible blow."

The Sage shrugged his shoulders.

"Doesn't such a misfortune affect you?" asked the young wife.

"You know very well that I was one of the six who accompanied the body,

and it was I who appealed to the Captain-General when I saw that no

one, not even the authorities, said anything about such an outrage,

although I always prefer to honor a good man in life rather than to

worship him after his death."

"Well?"

"But, madam, I am not a believer in hereditary monarchy. By reason

of the Chinese blood which I have received from my mother I believe

a little like the Chinese: I honor the father on account of the son

and not the son on account of the father. I believe that each one

should receive the reward or punishment for his own deeds, not for

those of another."

"Did you order a mass said for your dead wife, as I advised

you yesterday?" asked the young woman, changing the subject of

conversation.

"No," answered the old man with a smile.

"What a pity!" she exclaimed with unfeigned regret.

"They say that until ten o'clock tomorrow the souls will wander at

liberty, awaiting the prayers of the living, and that during these

days one mass is equivalent to five on other days of the year, or

even to six, as the curate said this morning."

"What! Does that mean that we have a period without paying, which we

should take advantage of?"

"But, Doray," interrupted Don Filipo, "you know that Don Anastasio

doesn't believe in purgatory."

"I don't believe in purgatory!" protested the old man, partly rising

from his seat. "Even when I know something of its history!"

"The history of purgatory!" exclaimed the couple, full of

surprise. "Come, relate it to us."

"You don't know it and yet you order masses and talk about its

torments? Well, as it has begun to rain and threatens to continue,

we shall have time to relieve the monotony," replied Tasio, falling

into a thoughtful mood.

Don Filipo closed the book which he held in his hand and Doray sat

down at his side determined not to believe anything that the old man

was about to say.

The latter began in the following manner: "Purgatory existed long

before Our Lord came into the world and must have been located in

the center of the earth, according to Padre Astete; or somewhere near

Cluny, according to the monk of whom Padre Girard tells us. But the

location is of least importance here. Now then, who were scorching

in those fires that had been burning from the beginning of the

world? Its very ancient existence is proved by Christian philosophy,

which teaches that God has created nothing new since he rested."

"But it could have existed _in potentia_ and not _in actu_," [54]

observed Don Filipo.

"Very well! But yet I must answer that some knew of it and as existing

_in actu_. One of these was Zarathustra, or Zoroaster, who wrote

part of the Zend-Avesta and founded a religion which in some points

resembles ours, and Zarathustra, according to the scholars, flourished

at least eight hundred years before Christ. I say 'at least,' since

Gaffarel, after examining the testimony of Plato, Xanthus of Lydia,

Pliny, Hermippus, and Eudoxus, believes it to have been two thousand

five hundred years before our era. However that may be, it is certain

that Zarathustra talked of a kind of purgatory and showed ways of

getting free from it. The living could redeem the souls of those who

died in sin by reciting passages from the Avesta and by doing good

works, but under the condition that the person offering the petitions

should be a relative, up to the fourth generation. The time for this

occurred every year and lasted five days. Later, when this belief had

become fixed among the people, the priests of that religion saw in it a

chance of profit and so they exploited 'the deep and dark prison where

remorse reigns,' as Zarathustra called it. They declared that by the

payment of a small coin it was possible to save a soul from a year of

torture, but as in that religion there were sins punishable by three

hundred to a thousand years of suffering, such as lying, faithlessness,

failure to keep one's word, and so on, it resulted that the rascals

took in countless sums. Here you will observe something like our

purgatory, if you take into account the differences in the religions."

A vivid flash of lightning, followed by rolling thunder, caused Doray

to start up and exclaim, as she crossed herself: "_Jesús, María,

y José!_ I'm going to leave you, I'm going to burn some sacred palm

and light candles of penitence."

The rain began to fall in torrents. The Sage Tasio, watching the young

woman leave, continued: "Now that she is not here, we can consider this

matter more rationally. Doray, even though a little superstitious,

is a good Catholic, and I don't care to root out the faith from her

heart. A pure and simple faith is as distinct from fanaticism as the

flame from smoke or music from discords: only the fools and the deaf

confuse them. Between ourselves we can say that the idea of purgatory

is good, holy, and rational. It perpetuates the union of those who

were and those who are, leading thus to greater purity of life. The

evil is in its abuse.

"But let us now see where Catholicism got this idea, which does not

exist in the Old Testament nor in the Gospels. Neither Moses nor Christ

made the slightest mention of it, and the single passage which is

cited from Maccabees is insufficient. Besides, this book was declared

apocryphal by the Council of Laodicea and the holy Catholic Church

accepted it only later. Neither have the pagan religions anything

like it. The oft-quoted passage in Virgil, _Aliae panduntur inanes_,

[55] which probably gave occasion for St. Gregory the Great to speak

of drowned souls, and to Dante for another narrative in his _Divine

Comedy_, cannot have been the origin of this belief. Neither the

Brahmins, the Buddhists, nor the Egyptians, who may have given Rome

her Charon and her Avernus, had anything like this idea. I won't speak

now of the religions of northern Europe, for they were religions of

warriors, bards, and hunters, and not of philosophers. While they yet

preserve their beliefs and even their rites under Christian forms,

they were unable to accompany the hordes in the spoliation of Rome

or to seat themselves on the Capitoline; the religions of the mists

were dissipated by the southern sun. Now then, the early Christians

did not believe in a purgatory but died in the blissful confidence

of shortly seeing God face to face. Apparently the first fathers of

the Church who mentioned it were St. Clement of Alexandria, Origen,

and St. Irenaeus, who were all perhaps influenced by Zarathustra's

religion, which still flourished and was widely spread throughout

the East, since at every step we read reproaches against Origen's

Orientalism. St. Irenaeus proved its existence by the fact that

Christ remained 'three days in the depths of the earth,' three days

of purgatory, and deduced from this that every soul must remain there

until the resurrection of the body, although the '_Hodie mecum eris in

Paradiso_' [56] seems to contradict it. St. Augustine also speaks of

purgatory and, if not affirming its existence, yet he did not believe

it impossible, conjecturing that in another existence there might

continue the punishments that we receive in this life for our sins."

"The devil with St. Augustine!" ejaculated Don Filipo. "He wasn't

satisfied with what we suffer here but wished a continuance."

"Well, so it went" some believed it and others didn't. Although

St. Gregory finally came to admit it in his _de quibusdam levibus

culpis esse ante judicium purgatorius ignis credendus est_, [57] yet

nothing definite was done until the year 1439, that is, eight centuries

later, when the Council of Florence declared that there must exist

a purifying fire for the souls of those who have died in the love of

God but without having satisfied divine Justice. Lastly, the Council

of Trent under Pius IV in 1563, in the twenty-fifth session, issued

the purgatorial decree beginning _Cura catholica ecclesia, Spiritu

Santo edocta_, wherein it deduces that, after the office of the mass,

the petitions of the living, their prayers, alms, and other pious

works are the surest means of freeing the souls. Nevertheless, the

Protestants do not believe in it nor do the Greek Fathers, since they

reject any Biblical authority for it and say that our responsibility

ends with death, and that the '_Quodcumque ligaberis in terra_,'

[58] does not mean '_usque ad purgatorium,_' [59] but to this the

answer can be made that since purgatory is located in the center of

the earth it fell naturally under the control of St. Peter. But I

should never get through if I had to relate all that has been said

on the subject. Any day that you wish to discuss the matter with me,

come to my house and there we will consult the books and talk freely

and quietly.

"Now I must go. I don't understand why Christian piety permits robbery

on this night--and you, the authorities, allow it--and I fear for

my books. If they should steal them to read I wouldn't object, but

I know that there are many who wish to burn them in order to do for

me an act of charity, and such charity, worthy of the Caliph Omar,

is to be dreaded. Some believe that on account of those books I am

already damned--"

"But I suppose that you do believe in damnation?" asked Doray with

a smile, as she appeared carrying in a brazier the dry palm leaves,

which gave off a peculiar smoke and an agreeable odor.

"I don't know, madam, what God will do with me," replied the old man

thoughtfully. "When I die I will commit myself to Him without fear

and He may do with me what He wishes. But a thought strikes me!"

"What thought is that?"

"If the only ones who can be saved are the Catholics, and of them

only five per cent--as many curates say--and as the Catholics form

only a twelfth part of the population of the world--if we believe

what statistics show--it would result that after damning millions

and millions of men during the countless ages that passed before

the Saviour came to the earth, after a Son of God has died for us,

it is now possible to save only five in every twelve hundred. That

cannot be so! I prefer to believe and say with Job: 'Wilt thou break

a leaf driven to and fro, and wilt thou pursue the dry stubble?' No,

such a calamity is impossible and to believe it is blasphemy!"

"What do you wish? Divine Justice, divine Purity--"

"Oh, but divine Justice and divine Purity saw the future before the

creation," answered the old man, as he rose shuddering. "Man is an

accidental and not a necessary part of creation, and that God cannot

have created him, no indeed, only to make a few happy and condemn

hundreds to eternal misery, and all in a moment, for hereditary

faults! No! If that be true, strangle your baby son sleeping there! If

such a belief were not a blasphemy against that God, who must be

the Highest Good, then the Phenician Moloch, which was appeased with

human sacrifices and innocent blood, and in whose belly were burned

the babes torn from their mothers' breasts, that bloody deity, that

horrible divinity, would be by the side of Him a weak girl, a friend,

a mother of humanity!"

Horrified, the Lunatic--or the Sage--left the house and ran along the

street in spite of the rain and the darkness. A lurid flash, followed

by frightful thunder and filling the air with deadly currents, lighted

the old man as he stretched his hand toward the sky and cried out:

"Thou protestest! I know that Thou art not cruel, I know that I must

only name Thee Good!"

The flashes of lightning became more frequent and the storm increased

in violence.