Chapter Chapter 64 · Chapter LXIII（2）

_kundíman_: A native song.

_kupang_: A large tree of the Mimosa family.

_kuriput_: Miser, "skinflint."

_lanson_: The langsa, a delicious cream-colored fruit about the size

of a plum. In the Philippines, its special habitat is the country

around the Lake of Bay.

_liam-pó_: A Chinese game of chance (?).

_lomboy_: The jambolana, a small, blue fruit with a large stone.

_Malacañang_: The palace of the Captain-General in Manila: from the

vernacular name of the place where it stands, "fishermen's resort."

_mankukúlan_: An evil spirit causing sickness and other misfortunes,

and a person possessed of such a demon.

_morisqueta_: Rice boiled without salt until dry, the staple food of

the Filipinos.

_Moro_: Mohammedan Malay of southern Mindanao and Sulu.

_mutya_: Some object with talismanic properties, "rabbit's foot."

_nakú_: A Tagalog exclamation of surprise, wonder, etc.

_nipa_: Swamp-palm, with the imbricated leaves of which the roots

and sides of the common Filipino houses are constructed.

_nito_: A climbing fern whose glossy, wiry leaves are used for making

fine hats, cigar-cases, etc.

_novena_: A devotion consisting of prayers recited on nine consecutive

days, asking for some special favor; also, a booklet of these prayers.

_oy_: An exclamation to attract attention, used toward inferiors

and in familiar intercourse: probably a contraction of the Spanish

imperative, _oye_, "listen!"

_pakó_: An edible fern.

_palasán_: A thick, stout variety of rattan, used for walking-sticks.

_pandakaki_: A low tree or shrub with small, star-like flowers.

_pañuelo_: A starched neckerchief folded stiffly over the shoulders,

fastened in front and falling in a point behind: the most distinctive

portion of the customary dress of the Filipino women.

_papaya_: The tropical papaw, fruit of the "melon-tree."

_paracmason_: Freemason, the _bête noire_ of the Philippine friar.

_peseta_: A silver coin, in value one-fifth of a peso or thirty-two

cuartos.

_peso_: A silver coin, either the Spanish peso or the Mexican dollar,

about the size of an American dollar and of approximately half

its value.

_piña_: Fine cloth made from pineapple-leaf fibers.

_proper names_: The author has given a simple and sympathetic touch

to his story throughout by using the familiar names commonly employed

among the Filipinos in their home-life. Some of these are nicknames

or pet names, such as Andong, Andoy, Choy, Neneng ("Baby"), Puté,

Tinchang, and Yeyeng. Others are abbreviations or corruptions of

the Christian names, often with the particle ng or ay added, which

is a common practice: Andeng, Andrea; Doray, Teodora; Iday, Brigida

(Bridget); Sinang, Lucinda (Lucy); Sipa, Josefa; Sisa, Narcisa; Teo,

Teodoro (Theodore); Tiago, Santiago (James); Tasio, Anastasio; Tiká,

Escolastica; Tinay, Quintina; Tinong, Saturnino.

_Provincial_: Head of a religious order in the Philippines.

_querida_: Paramour, mistress: from the Spanish, "beloved."

_real_: One-eighth of a peso, twenty cuartos.

_sala_: The principal room in the more pretentious Philippine houses.

_salabat_: An infusion of ginger.

_salakot_: Wide hat of palm or bamboo and rattan, distinctively

Filipino.

_sampaguita_: The Arabian jasmine: a small, white, very fragrant

flower, extensively cultivated, and worn in chaplets and rosaries by

the women and girls--the typical Philippine flower.

_santol_: The Philippine sandal-tree.

_sawali_: Plaited bamboo wattle.

_sinamay_: A transparent cloth woven from abaka fibers.

_sinigang_: Water with vegetables or some acid fruit, in which fish

are boiled; "fish soup."

_Susmariosep_: A common exclamation: contraction of the Spanish,

_Jesús, María, y José_, the Holy Family.

_tabí_: The cry of carriage drivers to warn pedestrians.

_talibon_: A short sword, the "war bolo."

_tapa_: Jerked meat.

_tápis_: A piece of dark cloth or lace, often richly worked or

embroidered, worn at the waist somewhat in the fashion of an apron:

a distinctive portion of the native women's attire, especially among

the Tagalogs.

_tarambulo_: A low weed whose leaves and fruit pedicles are covered

with short, sharp spines.

_teniente-mayor_: Senior lieutenant, the senior member of the town

council and substitute for the gobernadorcillo.

_tikas-tikas_: A variety of canna bearing bright red flowers.

_tertiary brethren_: Members of a lay society affiliated with a

regular monastic order, especially the Venerable Tertiary Order of

the Franciscans.

_timbaín_: The "water-cure," and hence, any kind of torture. The

primary meaning is "to draw water from a well," from _timba_, pail.

_tikbalang_: An evil spirit, capable of assuming various forms,

but said to appear usually in the shape of a tall black man with

disproportionately long legs: the "bogey man" of Tagalog children.

_tulisan_: Outlaw, bandit. Under the old régime in the Philippines the

tulisanes were those who, on account of real or fancied grievances

against the authorities, or from fear of punishment for crime,

or from an instinctive desire to return to primitive simplicity,

foreswore life in the towns "under the bell," and made their homes

in the mountains or other remote places. Gathered in small bands with

such arms as they could secure, they sustained themselves by highway

robbery and the levying of blackmail from the country folk.

_zacate_: Native grass used for feeding livestock.

NOTES

[1] Quoted by Macaulay: _Essay on the Succession in Spain_.

[2] The ruins of the _Fuerza de Playa Honda, ó Real de Paynavén_, are

still to be seen in the present municipality of Botolan, Zambales. The

walls are overgrown with rank vegetation, but are well preserved, with

the exception of a portion looking toward the Bankal River, which has

been undermined by the currents and has fallen intact into the stream.

[3] _Relation of the Zambals_, by Domingo Perez, O.P.; manuscript

dated 1680. The excerpts are taken from the translation in Blair and

Robertson, _The Philippine Islands_, Vol. XLVII, by courtesy of the

Arthur H. Clark Company, Cleveland, Ohio.

[4] _"Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas, ó Mis Viages por Este Pais_,

por Fray Joaquin Martinez de Zuñiga, Agustino calzado." Padre Zuñiga

was a parish priest in several towns and later Provincial of his

Order. He wrote a history of the conquest, and in 1800 accompanied

Alava, the _General de Marina_, on his tours of investigation looking

toward preparations for the defense of the islands against another

attack of the British, with whom war threatened. The _Estadismo_,

which is a record of these journeys, with some account of the rest of

the islands, remained in manuscript until 1893, when it was published

in Madrid.

[5] Secular, as distinguished from the regulars, i.e., members of

the monastic orders.

[6] Sinibaldo de Mas, _Informe sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas

en 1842_, translated in Blair and Robertson's _The Philippine Islands_,

Vol. XXVIII, p. 254.

[7] _Sic_. St. John xx, 17.

[8] This letter in the original French in which it was written is

reproduced in the _Vida y Escritos del Dr. José Rizal_, by W. E. Retana

(Madrid, 1907).

[9] _Filipinas dentro de Cien Años_, published in the organ of the

Filipinos in Spain, _La Solidaridad_, in 1889-90. This is the most

studied of Rizal's purely political writings, and the completest

exposition of his views concerning the Philippines.

[10] An English version of _El Filibusterismo_, under the title _The

Reign of Greed_, has been prepared to accompany the present work.

[11] "Que todo el monte era orégano." W.E. Retana, in the appendix to

Fray Martinez de Zuñiga's _Estadismo_, Madrid, 1893, where the decree

is quoted. The rest of this comment of Retana's deserves quotation

as an estimate of the living man by a Spanish publicist who was at

the time in the employ of the friars and contemptuously hostile

to Rizal, but who has since 1898 been giving quite a spectacular

demonstration of waving a red light after the wreck, having become his

most enthusiastic, almost hysterical, biographer: "Rizal is what is

commonly called a character, but he has repeatedly demonstrated very

great inexperience in the affairs of life. I believe him to be now

about thirty-two years old. He is the Indian of most ability among

those who have written."

[12] From Valenzuela's deposition before the military tribunal,

September sixth, 1896.

[13] _Capilla_: the Spanish practise is to place a condemned person

for the twenty-four hours preceding his execution in a _chapel_, or

a cell fitted up as such, where he may devote himself to religious

exercises and receive the final ministrations of the Church.

[14] But even this conclusion is open to doubt: there is no proof

beyond the unsupported statement of the Jesuits that he made a written

retraction, which was later destroyed, though why a document so

interesting, and so important in support of their own point of view,

should not have been preserved furnishes an illuminating commentary

on the whole confused affair. The only unofficial witness present was

the condemned man's sister, and her declaration, that she was at the

time in such a state of excitement and distress that she is unable to

affirm positively that there was a real marriage ceremony performed,

can readily be accepted. It must be remembered that the Jesuits were

themselves under the official and popular ban for the part they had

played in Rizal's education and development and that they were seeking

to set themselves right in order to maintain their prestige. Add to

this the persistent and systematic effort made to destroy every scrap

of record relating to the man--the sole gleam of shame evidenced in

the impolitic, idiotic, and pusillanimous treatment of him--and the

whole question becomes such a puzzle that it may just as well be left

in darkness, with a throb of pity for the unfortunate victim caught

in such a maelstrom of panic-stricken passion and selfish intrigue.

[15] A similar picture is found in the convento at Antipolo.--_Author's

note_.

[16] A school of secondary instruction conducted by the Dominican

Fathers, by whom it was taken over in 1640. "It had its first beginning

in the house of a pious Spaniard, called Juan Geronimo Guerrero,

who had dedicated himself, with Christian piety, to gathering orphan

boys in his house, where he raised, clothed, and sustained them, and

taught them to read and to write, and much more, to live in the fear

of God."--Blair and Robertson, _The Philippine Islands_, Vol. XLV,

p. 208.--TR.

[17] The Dominican friars, whose order was founded by Dominic de

Guzman.--TR.

[18] In the story mentioned, the three monks were the old Roman god

Bacchus and two of his satellites, in the disguise of Franciscan

friars,--TR.

[19] According to a note to the Barcelona edition of this novel,

Mendieta was a character well known in Manila, doorkeeper at

the Alcaldía, impresario of children's theaters, director of a

merry-go-round, etc.--TR.

[20] See Glossary.

[21] The "tobacco monopoly" was established during the administration

of Basco de Vargas (1778-1787), one of the ablest governors Spain

sent to the Philippines, in order to provide revenue for the local

government and to encourage agricultural development. The operation

of the monopoly, however, soon degenerated into a system of "graft"

and petty abuse which bore heartily upon the natives (see Zuñiga's

_Estadismo_), and the abolition of it in 1881 was one of the heroic

efforts made by the Spanish civil administrators to adjust the archaic

colonial system to the changing conditions in the Archipelago.--TR.

[22] As a result of his severity in enforcing the payment of sums

due the royal treasury on account of the galleon trade, in which

the religious orders were heavily interested, Governor Fernando de

Bustillos Bustamente y Rueda met a violent death at the hands of a

mob headed by friars, October 11, 1719. See Blair and Robertson,

_The Philippine Islands_, Vol. XLIV; Montero y Vidal, _Historia

General de Filipinas_, Vol. I, Chap. XXXV.--TR.

[23] A reference to the fact that the clerical party in Spain refused

to accept the decree of Ferdinand VII setting aside the Salic law

and naming his daughter Isabella as his successor, and, upon the

death of Ferdinand, supported the claim of the nearest male heir,

Don Carlos de Bourbon, thus giving rise to the Carlist movement. Some

writers state that severe measures had to be adopted to compel many

of the friars in the Philippines to use the feminine pronoun in their

prayers for the sovereign, just whom the reverend gentlemen expected

to deceive not being explained.--TR.

[24] An apothegm equivalent to the English, "He'll never set any

rivers on fire."--TR.

[25] The name of a Carlist leader in Spain.--TR.

[26] A German Franciscan monk who is said to have invented gunpowder

about 1330.

[27] "He says that he doesn't want it when it is exactly what he

does want." An expression used in the mongrel Spanish-Tagalog

'market language' of Manila and Cavite, especially among the

children,--somewhat akin to the English 'sour grapes.'--TR.

[28] Arms should yield to the toga (military to civil power). Arms

should yield to the surplice (military to religious power),--TR.

[29] For _Peninsula_, i.e., Spain. The change of _n_ to _ñ_ was common

among ignorant Filipinos.--TR.

[30] The syllables which constitute the first reading lesson in

Spanish primers.--TR.

[31] A Spanish colloquial term ("cracked"), applied to a native of

Spain who was considered to be mentally unbalanced from too long

residence in the islands,--TR.

[32] This celebrated Lady was first brought from Acapulco, Mexico,

by Juan Niño de Tabora, when he came to govern the Philippines in

1626. By reason of her miraculous powers of allaying the storms she was

carried back and forth in the state galleons on a number of voyages,

until in 1672 she was formally installed in a church in the hills

northeast of Manila, under the care of the Augustinian Fathers. While

her shrine was building she is said to have appeared to the faithful in

the top of a large breadfruit tree, which is known to the Tagalogs as

"antipolo"; hence her name. Hers is the best known and most frequented

shrine in the country, while she disputes with the Holy Child of Cebu

the glory of being the wealthiest individual in the whole archipelago.

There has always existed a pious rivalry between her and the

Dominicans' Lady of the Rosary as to which is the patron saint of the

Philippines, the contest being at times complicated by counterclaims

on the part of St. Francis, although the entire question would seem

to have been definitely settled by a royal decree, published about

1650, officially conferring that honorable post upon St. Michael the

Archangel (San Miguel). A rather irreverent sketch of this celebrated

queen of the skies appears in Chapter XI of Foreman's _The Philippine

Islands_.--TR.

[33] Santa Cruz, Paco, and Ermita are districts of Manila, outside

the Walled City.--TR.

[34] John xviii. 10.

[35] A town in Laguna Province, noted for the manufacture of

furniture.--TR.

[36] God grant that this prophecy may soon be fulfilled for the author

of the booklet and all of us who believe it. Amen.--_Author's note_.

[37] "Blessed are the poor in spirit" and "blessed are the

possessors."--TR.

[38] The annual celebration of the Dominican Order held in October in

honor of its patroness, the Virgin of the Rosary, to whose intervention

was ascribed the victory over a Dutch fleet in 1646, whence the

name. See _Guía Oficial de Filipinas_, 1885, pp. 138, 139; Montero

y Vidal, _Historia General de Filipinas_, Vol. I, Chap. XXIII; Blair

and Robertson, _The Philippine Islands_, Vol. XXXV, pp. 249, 250.--TR.

[39] Members of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, whose chief

business is preaching and teaching. They entered the Philippines

in 1862.--TR.

[40] "Kaysaysay: A celebrated sanctuary in the island of Luzon,

province of Batangas, jurisdiction, of Taal, so called because there

is venerated in it a Virgin who bears that name ....

"The image is in the center of the high altar, where there is seen an

eagle in half-relief, whose abdomen is left open in order to afford a

tabernacle for the Virgin: an idea enchanting to many of the Spaniards

established in the Philippines during the last century, but which in

our opinion any sensible person will characterize as extravagant.

"This image of the Virgin of Kaysaysay enjoys the fame of being very

miraculous, so that the Indians gather from great distances to hear

mass in her sanctuary every Saturday. Her discovery, over two and a

half centuries ago, is notable in that she was found in the sea during

some fisheries, coming up in a drag-net with the fish. It is thought

that this venerable image of the Filipinos may have been in some ship

which was wrecked and that the currents carried her up to the coast,

where she was found in the manner related.

"The Indians, naturally credulous and for the most part quite

superstitious, in spite of the advancements in civilization and

culture, relate that she appeared afterwards in some trees, and

in memory of these manifestations an arch representing them was

erected at a short distance from the place where her sanctuary is

now located."--Buzeta and Bravo's _Diccionario_, Madrid, 1850, but

copied "with proper modifications for the times and the new truths"

from Zuñiga's _Estadismo_, which, though written in 1803 and not

published until 1893, was yet used by later writers, since it was

preserved in manuscript in the convent of the Augustinians in Manila,

Buzeta and Bravo, as well as Zuñiga, being members of that order.

So great was the reverence for this Lady that the Acapulco galleons on

their annual voyages were accustomed to fire salutes in her honor as

they passed along the coast near her shrine.--Foreman. _The Philippine

Islands_, quoting from the account of an eruption of Taal Volcano in

1749, by Fray Francisco Vencuchillo.

This Lady's sanctuary, where she is still "enchanting" in her "eagle

in half-relief," stands out prominently on the hill above the town

of Taal, plainly visible from Balayan Bay.--TR.

[41] A Tagalog term meaning "to tumble," or "to caper about,"

doubtless from the actions of the Lady's devotees. Pakil is a town

in Laguna Province.--TR.

[42] A work on scholastic philosophy, by a Spanish prelate of that

name.--TR.

[43] The nunnery and college of St. Catherine of Sienna ("Santa

Catalina de la Sena") was founded by the Dominican Fathers in

1696.--TR.

[44] The "Ateneo Municipal," where the author, as well as nearly every

other Filipino of note in the past generation, received his early

education, was founded by the Jesuits shortly after their return to

the islands in 1859.--TR.

[45] The patron saint of Tondo, Manila's Saint-Antoine. He is invoked

for aid in driving away plagues,--TR.

[46] Now Plaza Cervantes.--TR.

[47] Now Plaza Lawton and Bagumbayan; see note, _infra.--_ TR.

[48] The Field of Bagumbayan, adjoining the Luneta, was the place where

political prisoners were shot or garroted, and was the scene of the

author's execution on December 30, 1906. It is situated just outside

and east of the old Walled City (Manila proper), being the location to

which the natives who had occupied the site of Manila moved their town

after having been driven back by the Spaniards--hence the name, which

is a Tagalog compound meaning "new town." This place is now called

Wallace Field, the name Bagumbayan being applied to the driveway

which was known to the Spaniards as the _Paseo de las Aguadas_,

or _de Vidal_, extending from the Luneta to the Bridge of Spain,

just outside the moat that, formerly encircled the Walled City.--TR.

[49] Whom the gods would destroy, they first make mad.--TR.

[50] We have been unable to find any town of this name, but many of

these conditions.--_Author's note_.

San Diego and Santiago are variant forms of the name of the patron

saint of Spain, St. James.--TR.

[51] The "sacred tree" of Malaya, being a species of banyan that begins

life as a vine twining on another tree, which it finally strangles,

using the dead trunk as a support until it is able to stand alone. When

old it often covers a large space with gnarled and twisted trunks

of varied shapes and sizes, thus presenting a weird and grotesque

appearance. This tree was held in reverent awe by the primitive

Filipinos, who believed it to be the abode of the _nono_, or ancestral

ghosts, and is still the object of superstitious beliefs,--TR.

[52] "Petty governor," the chief municipal official, chosen annually

from among their own number, with the approval of the parish priest

and the central government, by the _principalía_, i.e., persons who

owned considerable property or who had previously held some municipal

office. The manner of his selection is thus described by a German

traveler (Jagor) in the Philippines in 1860: "The election is held

in the town hall. The governor or his representative presides, having

on his right the parish priest and on his left a clerk, who also acts

as interpreter. All the cabezas de barangay, the gobernadorcillo, and

those who have formerly occupied the latter position, seat themselves

on benches. First, there are chosen by lot six cabezas de barangay and

six ex-gobernadorcillos as electors, the actual gobernadorcillo being

the thirteenth. The rest leave the hall. After the presiding officer

has read the statutes in a loud voice and reminded the electors of

their duty to act in accordance with their consciences and to heed

only the welfare of the town, the electors move to a table and write

three names on a slip of paper. The person receiving a majority

of votes is declared elected gobernadorcillo for the ensuing year,

provided that there is no protest from the curate or the electors,

and always conditioned upon the approval of the superior authority

in Manila, which is never withheld, since the influence of the curate

is enough to prevent an unsatisfactory election."--TR.

[53] St. Barbara is invoked during thunder-storms as the special

protectress against lightning.--TR.

[54] In possibility (i.e., latent) and not: in fact.--TR.

[55]

"For this are various penances enjoined;

And some are hung to bleach upon the wind;

Some plunged in waters, others purged in fires,

Till all the dregs are drained, and all the rust expires."

Dryden, _Virgil's Aeneid_, VI.

[56] "Today shalt thou be with me in paradise."--Luke xxiii, 43.

[57] It should be believed that for some light faults there is a

purgatorial fire before the judgment.

[58] Whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth.--Matt, xvi, 19.

[59] Even up to purgatory.

[60] Dream or reality, we do not know whether this may have happened

to any Franciscan, but something similar is related of the Augustinian

Padre Piernavieja.--_Author's note_.

Fray Antonio Piernavieja, O.S.A., was a parish curate in the province

of Bulacan when this work was written. Later, on account of alleged

brutality similar to the incident used here, he was transferred

to the province of Cavite, where, in 1896, he was taken prisoner

by the insurgents and by them made "bishop" of their camp. Having

taken advantage of this position to collect and forward to the

Spanish authorities in Manila information concerning the insurgents'

preparations and plans, he was tied out in an open field and left to

perish of hunger and thirst under the tropical sun. See _Guía Oficial

de Filipinas_, 1885, p. 195; _El Katipunan ó El Filibusterismo en

Filipinas_ (Madrid, 1897), p. 347; Foreman's _The Philippine Islands_,

Chap. XII.--TR.

[61] The Philippine civet-cat, quite rare, and the only wild carnivore

in the Philippine Islands.--TR.

[62] The common crowd is a fool and since it pays for it, it is proper

to talk to it foolishly to please it.

[63] "The schools are under the inspection of the parish

priests. Reading and writing in Spanish are taught, or at least it

is so ordered; but the schoolmaster himself usually does not know

it, and on the other hand the Spanish government employees do not

understand the vernacular. Besides, the curates, in order to preserve

their influence intact, do not look favorably upon the spread of

Castilian. About the only ones who know Spanish are the Indians who

have been in the service of Europeans. The first reading exercise

is some devotional book, then the catechism; the reader is called

_Casaysayan_. On the average half of the children between seven and ten

years attend school; they learn to read fairly well and some to write

a little, but they soon forget it."--Jagor, _Viajes por Filipinas_

(Vidal's Spanish version). Jagor was speaking particularly of the

settled parts of the Bicol region. Referring to the islands generally,

his "half of the children" would be a great exaggeration.--TR.

[64] A delicate bit of sarcasm is lost in the translation here. The

reference to _Maestro Ciruela_ in Spanish is somewhat similar to a

mention in English of Mr. Squeers, of Dotheboys Hall fame.--TR.

[65] By one of the provisions of a royal decree of December 20,

1863, the _Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristina_, by Gaspar Astete,

was prescribed as the text-book for primary schools, in the

Philippines. See Blair and Robertson's _The Philippine Islands_,

Vol. XLVI, p. 98; _Census of the Philippine Islands_ (Washington,

1905), p. 584.--TR.

[66] The municipal police of the old régime. They were thus described

by a Spanish writer, W. E. Retana, in a note to Ventura F. Lopez's

_El Filibustero_ (Madrid, 1893): "Municipal guards, whose duties are

principally rural. Their uniform is a disaster; they go barefoot;

on horseback, they hold the reins in the right hand and a lance in

the left. They are usually good-for-nothing, but to their credit it

must be said that they do no damage. Lacking military instruction,

provided with fire-arms of the first part of the century, of which one

in a hundred might go off in case of need, and for other arms bolos,

talibons, old swords, etc., the cuadrilleros are truly a parody on

armed force."--TR.

[67] Headman and tax-collector of a district, generally including

about fifty families, for whose annual tribute he was personally

responsible. The "barangay" is a Malay boat of the kind supposed to

have been used by the first emigrants to the Philippines. Hence, at

first, the "head of a barangay" meant the leader or chief of a family

or group of families. This office, quite analogous to the old Germanic

or Anglo-Saxon "head of a hundred," was adopted and perpetuated by

the Spaniards in their system of local administration.--TR.

[68] The _hermano mayor_ was a person appointed to direct the

ceremonies during the fiesta, an appointment carrying with it great

honor and importance, but also entailing considerable expense,

as the appointee was supposed to furnish a large share of the

entertainments. Hence, the greater the number of _hermanos mayores_

the more splendid the fiesta,--TR.

[69] Mt. Makiling is a volcanic cone at the southern end of the Lake

of Bay. At its base is situated the town of Kalamba, the author's

birthplace. About this mountain cluster a number of native legends

having as their principal character a celebrated sorceress or

enchantress, known as "Mariang Makiling."--TR.

[70] With uncertain pace, in wandering flight, for an instant

only--without rest.

[71] The _chinela_, the Philippine slipper, is a soft leather sole,

heelless, with only a vamp, usually of plush or velvet, to hold

it on.--TR.

[72] "All hope abandon, ye who enter here." The words inscribed over

the gate of Hell: Dante's _Inferno_, III, 9.--TR.

[73] "Listening Sister," the nun who acts as spy and monitor over

the girls studying in a convent.--TR.

[74] "Más sabe el loco en su casa que el cuerdo en la ajena." The fool

knows more in his own house than a wise man does in another's.--TR.

[75] The College of Santo Tomas was established in 1619 through a

legacy of books and money left for that purpose by Fray Miguel de

Benavides, O. P., second archbishop of Manila. By royal decree and

papal bull, it became in 1645 the Royal and Pontifical University

of Santo Tomas, and never, during the Spanish régime, got beyond the

Thomistic theology in its courses of instruction.--TR.

[76] Take heed lest you fall!

[77] Ferdinand and Isabella, the builders of Spain's greatness,

are known in Spanish history as "Los Reyes Católicos."--TR.

[78] These spectacular performances, known as "Moro-Moro," often

continued for several days, consisting principally of noisy combats

between Moros and Christians, in which the latter were, of course,

invariably victorious. Typical sketches of them may be found in

Foreman's _The Philippine Islands_, Chap. XXIII, and Stuntz's _The

Philippines and the Far East_, Chap. III.--TR.

[79] "The Willow."

[80] The capital of Laguna Province, not to be confused with the Santa

Cruz mentioned before, which is a populous and important district in

the city of Manila. Tanawan, Lipa, and Batangas are towns in Batangas

Province, the latter being its capital.--TR.

[81] "If on your return you are met with a smile, beware! for it

means that you have a secret enemy."--From the _Florante_, being the

advice given to the hero by his old teacher when he set out to return

to his home.

Francisco Baltazar was a Tagalog poet, native of the province of

Bulacan, born about 1788, and died in 1862. The greater part of his

life was spent in Manila,--in Tondo and in Pandakan, a quaint little

village on the south bank of the Pasig, now included in the city,

where he appears to have shared the fate largely of poets of other

lands, from suffering "the pangs of disprized love" and persecution

by the religious authorities, to seeing himself considered by the

people about him as a crack-brained dreamer. He was educated in the

Dominican school of San Juan de Letran, one of his teachers being Fray

Mariano Pilapil, about whose services to humanity there may be some

difference of opinion on the part of those who have ever resided in

Philippine towns, since he was the author of the "Passion Song" which

enlivens the Lenten evenings. This "Passion Song," however, seems to

have furnished the model for Baltazar's _Florante_, with the pupil

surpassing the master, for while it has the subject and characters

of a medieval European romance, the spirit and settings are entirely

Malay. It is written in the peculiar Tagalog verse, in the form of a

_corrido_ or metrical romance, and has been declared by Fray Toribio

Menguella, Rizal himself, and others familiar with Tagalog, to be

a work of no mean order, by far the finest and most characteristic

composition in that, the richest of the Malay dialects.--TR.