Chương Chương 16 · _Against Intestine Strife--Good and Bad Friendships_
The Chief of the Ki family was about to make an onslaught upon the
Chuen-yu domain.
Yen Yu and Tsz-lu in an interview with Confucius told him, "The Ki is
about to have an affair with Chuen-yu."
"Yen," said Confucius, "does not the fault lie with you? The Chief of
Chuen-yu in times past was appointed lord of the East Mung (mountain);
besides, he dwells within the confines of your own State, and is an
official of the State-worship; how can you think of making an
onslaught upon him?"
"It is the wish of our Chief," said Yen Yu, "not the wish of either of
us ministers."
Confucius said, "Yen, there is a sentence of Chau Jin which runs thus:
'Having made manifest their powers and taken their place in the
official list, when they find themselves incompetent they resign; if
they cannot be firm when danger threatens the government, nor lend
support when it is reeling, of what use then shall they be as
Assistants?'--Besides, you are wrong in what you said. When a
rhinoceros or tiger breaks out of its cage--when a jewel or
tortoise-shell ornament is damaged in its casket--whose fault is it?"
"But," said Yen Yu, "so far as Chuen-yu is concerned, it is now
fortified, and it is close to Pi; and if he does not now take it, in
another generation it will certainly be a trouble to his descendants."
"Yen!" exclaimed Confucius, "it is a painful thing to a superior man
to have to desist from saying, 'My wish is so-and-so,' and to be
obliged to make apologies. For my part, I have learnt this--that
rulers of States and heads of Houses are not greatly concerned about
their small following, but about the want of equilibrium in it--that
they do not concern themselves about their becoming poor, but about
the best means of living quietly and contentedly; for where
equilibrium is preserved there will be no poverty, where there is
harmony their following will not be small, and where there is quiet
contentment there will be no decline nor fall. Now if that be the
case, it follows that if men in outlying districts are not submissive,
then a reform in education and morals will bring them to; and when
they have been so won, then will you render them quiet and contented.
At the present time you two are Assistants of your Chief; the people
in the outlying districts are not submissive, and cannot be brought
round. Your dominion is divided, prostrate, dispersed, cleft in
pieces, and you as its guardians are powerless. And plans are being
made for taking up arms against those who dwell within your own State.
I am apprehensive that the sorrow of the Ki family is not to lie in
Chuen-yu, but in those within their own screen."
"When the empire is well-ordered," said Confucius, "it is from the
emperor that edicts regarding ceremonial, music, and expeditions to
quell rebellion go forth. When it is being ill governed, such edicts
emanate from the feudal lords; and when the latter is the case, it
will be strange if in ten generations there is not a collapse. If they
emanate merely from the high officials, it will be strange if the
collapse do not come in five generations. When the State-edicts are in
the hands of the subsidiary ministers, it will be strange if in three
generations there is no collapse.
"When the empire is well-ordered, government is not left in the hands
of high officials.
"When the empire is well-ordered, the common people will cease to
discuss public matters."
"For five generations," he said, "the revenue has departed from the
ducal household. Four generations ago the government fell into the
hands of the high officials. Hence, alas! the straitened means of the
descendants of the three Hwan families."
"There are," said he, "three kinds of friendships which are
profitable, and three which are detrimental. To make friends with the
upright, with the trustworthy, with the experienced, is to gain
benefit; to make friends with the subtly perverse, with the artfully
pliant, with the subtle in speech, is detrimental."
Again, "There are three kinds of pleasure which are profitable, and
three which are detrimental. To take pleasure in going regularly
through the various branches of Ceremonial and Music, in speaking of
others' goodness, in having many worthy wise friends, is profitable.
To take pleasure in wild bold pleasures, in idling carelessly about,
in the too jovial accompaniments of feasting, is detrimental."
Again, "Three errors there be, into which they who wait upon their
superior may fall:--(1) to speak before the opportunity comes to them
to speak, which I call heedless haste; (2) refraining from speaking
when the opportunity has come, which I call concealment; and (3)
speaking, regardless of the mood he is in, which I call blindness."
Again, "Three things a superior should guard against:--(1) against the
lusts of the flesh in his earlier years while the vital powers are not
fully developed and fixed; (2) against the spirit of combativeness
when he has come to the age of robust manhood and when the vital
powers are matured and strong, and (3) against ambitiousness when old
age has come on and the vital powers have become weak and decayed."
"Three things also such a man greatly reveres:--(1) the ordinances of
Heaven, (2) great men, (3) words of sages. The inferior man knows not
the ordinances of Heaven and therefore reveres them not, is unduly
familiar in the presence of great men, and scoffs at the words of
sages."
"They whose knowledge comes by birth are of all men the first in
understanding; they to whom it comes by study are next; men of poor
intelectual capacity, who yet study, may be added as a yet inferior
class; and lowest of all are they who are poor in intellect and never
learn."
"Nine things there are of which the superior man should be
mindful:--to be clear in vision, quick in hearing, genial in
expression, respectful in demeanor, true in word, serious in duty,
inquiring in doubt, firmly self-controlled in anger, just and fair
when the way to success opens out before him."
"Some have spoken of 'looking upon goodness as upon something beyond
their reach,' and of 'looking upon evil as like plunging one's hands
into scalding liquid';--I have seen the men, I have heard the sayings.
"Some, again, have talked of 'living in seclusion to work out their
designs,' and of 'exercising themselves in righteous living in order
to render their principles the more effective';--I have heard the
sayings, I have not seen the men."
"Duke King of Ts[']i had his thousand teams of four, yet on the day of
his death the people had nothing to say of his goodness. Peh-I and
Shuh-Ts[']i starved at the foot of Shau-yang, and the people make
mention of them to this day.
'E'en if not wealth thine object be,
'Tis all the same, thou'rt changed to me.'
"Is not this apropos in such cases?"
Tsz-k[']in asked of Pih-yu, "Have you heard anything else peculiar
from your father?"
"Not yet," said he. "Once, though, he was standing alone when I was
hurrying past him over the vestibule, and he said, 'Are you studying the
Odes?' 'Not yet,' I replied. 'If you do not learn the Odes,' said he,
'you will not have the wherewithal for conversing.' I turned away and
studied the Odes. Another day, when he was again standing alone and I
was hurrying past across the vestibule, he said to me, 'Are you learning
the Rules of Propriety?' 'Not yet,' I replied. 'If you have not studied
the Rules, you have nothing to stand upon,' said he. I turned away and
studied the Rules.--These two things I have heard from him."
Tsz-k[']in turned away, and in great glee exclaimed, "I asked one
thing, and have got three. I have learnt something about the Odes, and
about the Rules, and moreover I have learnt how the superior man will
turn away his own son."
The wife of the ruler of a State is called by her husband "My
helpmeet." She speaks of herself as "Your little handmaiden." The
people of that State call her "The prince's helpmeet," but addressing
persons of another State they speak of her as "Our little princess."
When persons of another State name her they say also "Your prince's
helpmeet."
BOOK 17.