第 十九 章 · _Teachings of Various Chief Disciples_

"The learned official," said Tsz-chang, "who when he sees danger ahead

will risk his very life, who when he sees a chance of success is

mindful of what is just and proper, who in his religious acts is

mindful of the duty of reverence, and when in mourning thinks of his

loss, is indeed a fit and proper person for his place."

Again he said, "If a person hold to virtue but never advance in it,

and if he have faith in right principles and do not build himself up

in them, how can he be regarded either as having such, or as being

without them?"

Tsz-hia's disciples asked Tsz-chang his views about intercourse with

others. "What says your Master?" he rejoined. "He says," they replied,

"'Associate with those who are qualified, and repel from you such as

are not.'" Tsz-chang then said, "That is different from what I have

learnt. A superior man esteems the worthy and wise, and bears with

all. He makes much of the good and capable, and pities the incapable.

Am I eminently worthy and wise?--who is there then among men whom I

will not bear with? Am I not worthy and wise?--others will be minded

to repel me: I have nothing to do with repelling them."

Sayings of Tsz-hia:--

"Even in inferior pursuits there must be something worthy of

contemplation, but if carried to an extreme there is danger of

fanaticism; hence the superior man does not engage in them.

"The student who daily recognizes how much he yet lacks, and as the

months pass forgets not what he has succeeded in learning, may

undoubtedly be called a lover of learning.

"Wide research and steadfast purpose, eager questioning and close

reflection--all this tends to humanize a man.

"As workmen spend their time in their workshops for the perfecting of

their work, so superior men apply their minds to study in order to

make themselves thoroughly conversant with their subjects.

"When an inferior man does a wrong thing, he is sure to gloss it over.

"The superior man is seen in three different aspects:--look at him

from a distance, he is imposing in appearance; approach him, he is

gentle and warm-hearted; hear him speak, he is acute and strict.

"Let such a man have the people's confidence, and he will get much

work out of them; so long, however, as he does not possess their

confidence they will regard him as grinding them down.

"When confidence is reposed in him, he may then with impunity

administer reproof; so long as it is not, he will be regarded as a

detractor.

"Where there is no over-stepping of barriers in the practice of the

higher virtues, there may be freedom to pass in and out in the

practice of the lower ones."

Tsz-yu had said, "The pupils in the school of Tsz-hia are good enough

at such things as sprinkling and scrubbing floors, answering calls and

replying to questions from superiors, and advancing and retiring to

and from such; but these things are only offshoots--as to the root of

things they are nowhere. What is the use of all that?"

When this came to the ears of Tsz-hia, he said, "Ah! there he is

mistaken. What does a master, in his methods of teaching, consider

first in his precepts? And what does he account next, as that about

which he may be indifferent? It is like as in the study of

plants--classification by _differentiae_. How may a master play fast

and loose in his methods of instruction? Would they not indeed be

sages, who could take in at once the first principles and the final

developments of things?"

Further observations of Tsz-hia:--

"In the public service devote what energy and time remain to study.

After study devote what energy and time remain to the public service.

"As to the duties of mourning, let them cease when the grief is past.

"My friend Tsz-chang, although he has the ability to tackle hard

things, has not yet the virtue of philanthropy."

The learned Tsang observed, "How loftily Tsz-chang bears himself!

Difficult indeed along with him to practise philanthropy!"

Again he said, "I have heard this said by the Master, that 'though men

may not exert themselves to the utmost in other duties, yet surely in

the duty of mourning for their parents they will do so!'"

Again, "This also I have heard said by the Master: 'The filial piety

of Mang Chwang in other respects might be equalled, but as manifested

in his making no changes among his father's ministers, nor in his

father's mode of government--that aspect of it could not easily be

equalled.'"

Yang Fu, having been made senior Criminal Judge by the Chief of the

Mang clan, consulted with the learned Tsang. The latter advised him as

follows: "For a long time the Chiefs have failed in their government,

and the people have become unsettled. When you arrive at the facts of

their cases, do not rejoice at your success in that, but rather be

sorry for them, and have pity upon them."

Tsz-kung once observed, "We speak of 'the iniquity of Chau'--but 'twas

not so great as this." And so it is that the superior man is averse

from settling in this sink, into which everything runs that is foul in

the empire.

Again he said, "Faults in a superior man are like eclipses of the sun

or moon: when he is guilty of a trespass men all see it; and when he

is himself again, all look up to him."

Kung-sun Ch[']au of Wei inquired of Tsz-kung how Confucius acquired

his learning.

Tsz-kung replied, "The teachings of Wan and Wu have not yet fallen to

the ground. They exist in men. Worthy and wise men have the more

important of these stored up in their minds; and others, who are not

such, store up the less important of them; and as no one is thus

without the teachings of Wan and Wu, how should our Master not have

learned? And moreover what permanent preceptor could he have?"

Shuh-sun Wu-shuh, addressing the high officials at the Court, remarked

that Tsz-kung was a greater worthy than Confucius.

Tsz-fuh King-pih went and informed Tsz-kung of this remark.

Tsz-kung said, "Take by way of comparison the walls outside our

houses. My wall is shoulder-high, and you may look over it and see

what the house and its contents are worth. My Master's wall is tens of

feet high, and unless you should effect an entrance by the door, you

would fail to behold the beauty of the ancestral hall and the rich

array of all its officers. And they who effect an entrance by the

door, methinks, are few! Was it not, however, just like him--that

remark of the Chief?"

Shuh-sun Wu-shuh had been casting a slur on the character of Confucius.

"No use doing that," said Tsz-kung; "he is irreproachable. The wisdom

and worth of other men are little hills and mounds of earth:

traversible. He is the sun, or the moon, impossible to reach and pass.

And what harm, I ask, can a man do to the sun or the moon, by wishing

to intercept himself from either? It all shows that he knows not how

to gauge capacity."

Tsz-k[']in, addressing Tsz-kung, said, "You depreciate yourself.

Confucius is surely not a greater worthy than yourself."

Tsz-kung replied, "In the use of words one ought never to be

incautious; because a gentleman for one single utterance of his is apt

to be considered a wise man, and for a single utterance may be

accounted unwise. No more might one think of attaining to the Master's

perfections than think of going upstairs to Heaven! Were it ever his

fortune to be at the head of the government of a country, then that

which is spoken of as 'establishing the country' would be

establishment indeed; he would be its guide and it would follow him,

he would tranquillize it and it would render its willing homage: he

would give forward impulses to it to which it would harmoniously

respond. In his life he would be its glory, at his death there would

be great lamentation. How indeed could such as he be equalled?"

BOOK 20.